1.
In the studies of Social Contract Theory ethical principle, the
terms positive and negative rights are used. Compare and contrast these rights.
Social Contract Theory
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“Morality consists in the set of rules, governing how people are
to treat one another, that rational people will agree to accept, for their
mutual benefit, on the condition that others follow those rules as well
|
|
Rights
|
positive
rights
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negative
rights
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Description
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Obligates other to do something on your behalf, but may be
restricted based on circumstances. Positive rights tend to be more limited.
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Duty to guarantee that you will be left alone to exercise your
rights, guaranteed without exception. Negative rights tend to be more
absolute.
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Examples
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. Rights to free education. Government, teachers, admins must
facilitate this right. Provided you meet the requirement set.
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Freedom to observe religion practice
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2.
Explain Identity Theft and provide example to support your answer.
Identity theft is a type of fraud
which involves stealing money or gaining other benefits by pretending to be
someone else. Having your identity stolen can be both financially and
emotionally devastating. Identity theft can occur in many ways from somebody
using your credit card details illegally to make purchases to having your
entire identity assumed by another person to open bank accounts, take out loans
and conducting illegal business under your name.
Identity theft works in a range of ways from
crude methods to well organized scams.
Many of us have a wealth of personal
information readily available cards in our wallet, mail, public records,
information saved in our computers and information posted on social networking
sites. Identity theft can happen easily and quickly. By leaving your personal
information readily available, scammers will have easy access to this
information. For example, scammers will pay people to rummage through rubbish
tips and steal letters (‘dumpster diving’) to collect personal information. However,
despite your best efforts, a determined scammer can also create elaborate and
cunning plans to trick you into providing your personal details. For example:
- By sending an email that looks like it
comes from your bank, financial institution or telecommunications
provider. Known as phishing scams, these emails are all about tricking you
into handing over your personal and banking details to scammers. Most work
by including special links in the email to take you to a combination of
genuine and spoofed websites.
- Phoney fraud alerts are similar to phishing
scams where scammers trick you into handing over your personal details. A
common fraud alert involves the scammer pretending to be from your bank
informing you that your credit card or account has been cancelled because
of suspicious criminal activity (various excuses are used). They will then
trick you to provide account details to ‘confirm’ your identity.
- Bogus job opportunities are usually posted on job websites. The scammer may use or sell your personal information provided in the job application.
Identity
theft is a theft of key pieces of personal information to gain access to a
person’s financial accounts.
The
information that can be theft includes:
–
Name
–
Address
–
Date of birth
–
Social Security
number
–
Passport number
–
Driver’s license
number
–
Mother’s maiden
name
•
Fastest growing
form of fraud in the United States
•
Lack of
initiative in informing people whose data was stolen
•
Phishing
–
Attempt to steal
personal identity data
–
By tricking
users into entering information on a counterfeit Web site
–
Spear-phishing -
a variation in which employees are sent phony e-mails that look like they came
from high-level executives within their organization
•
Spyware
–
Keystroke-logging
software
–
Enables the
capture of:
•
Account
usernames
•
Passwords
•
Credit card
numbers
•
Other sensitive
information
–
Operates even if
an infected computer is not connected to the Internet
•
Identity Theft
and Assumption Deterrence Act of 1998 was passed to fight fraud
Example Identity theft
Florida Woman Sentenced
for Tax Fraud and Identity Theft
on December 12, 2012, in Tampa, Fla., Belinda Brooks, of Tampa, was sentenced to 66 months in prison for stolen identity refund fraud. Brooks was also ordered to pay a money judgment of $118,882, the proceeds of Brooks' criminal activity. She pleaded guilty on May 25, 2012. According to court documents, Brooks stole the names and social security numbers of other individuals in order to file fraudulent tax returns in their names and obtain tax refunds for the tax years 2008 and 2009. In addition, Brooks filed a false tax return for herself.
on December 12, 2012, in Tampa, Fla., Belinda Brooks, of Tampa, was sentenced to 66 months in prison for stolen identity refund fraud. Brooks was also ordered to pay a money judgment of $118,882, the proceeds of Brooks' criminal activity. She pleaded guilty on May 25, 2012. According to court documents, Brooks stole the names and social security numbers of other individuals in order to file fraudulent tax returns in their names and obtain tax refunds for the tax years 2008 and 2009. In addition, Brooks filed a false tax return for herself.
3.
Describe 5 types of software piracy.
End User Piracy
People in a company reproduce copies
of software without authorization. It includes 5 ways to pirate software.To
install a program on multiple computers with only one license.Disk copying to
install and distribute software;Update a new version of authorized
software.Apply demo version or trial version software for commercial
use.Exchange disks in or outside the workplace.
Client-Server
Overuse
When one copy of a program is using
at the same time in a workstation by lots of staffs in a company, there are
chancesthat the software is stolen. The company has to authorized the right
person and the limited number to use the programon the server.
Online Piracy
The more popular to download
software through internet, the more easier to steal a copy of the software. The
rulesthat apply to the actual purchase are not sufficient to stop the
unauthorized copying.There are 3 ways to get pirated software from internet:
v Some websites that specially provide free download or in exchange
of uploaded software;
v Internet auction sites that offer counterfeit, illegal-channeled,
unauthorized software;
v Peer-to-Peer network that enables unauthorized transfer of
copyrighted programs.
Hard-Disk
Loading
A business who sells new computers
may load illegal copies of software into the hard disks to attract customers.
Thesame concerns and issues apply to resellers that sell or install new
software into computers in the workplace.
Software
Counterfeiting
It is the illegal duplication and
sale of copyrighted program by way of directly imitating the copyrighted
software. Peoplecan find counterfeit copies of the CDs incorporating the
software programs, as well as related packaging, manuals, license agreements,
labels and registration cards.
4.
Explain
the two types of digital divide.
The term “digital divide” originally
represented the gap in computer ownership between different groups of people.
While digital divide refers to the difference between social classes, global
digital divide refers to a geographical division in terms of technological
access.
v The Global Digital Divide is a stumbling block inhibiting man’s technological progress. The internet allows for knowledge to be shared widely. A wide variety of talents are available for collaboration. Internet users currently only constitute fifteen to twenty percent of the world’spopulation. There is still a great deal of potential to be had by connecting the other eighty percent of the world. Programs such as the OLPC initiative and Inveneo will help to solve this, to some degree.
v The social divide is the gap between the information rich and information poor within a society. The social divide can particularly be found in nations that are seen as being in the forefront of digital technological advancements, such as Australia, Canada and the United States. Unlike the digital divide the social divide focuses on the individuals within a specific society and how their access and use of the Internet differs.
